The richness of the English language boasts influences from a multitude of cultures. From the classic sounds of Old English to the romantic way of speaking French, its vocabulary reflects a history of interaction and exchange. Among these influences, Italian stands out, contributing a surprising number of words that have become ingrained in everyday English.
This article delves into seven commonly used English words that actually originated or are tied very closely to Italy. Let us go over them one by one and unravel their meanings!
Piano
Many know that “piano” translates to “soft” in Italian, but the musical instrument itself was not always referred to by this term. In the 1700s, Bartolomeo Cristofori, an Italian instrument maker, crafted the first pianoforte. Pianoforte can be broken down to piano, translating to “soft,” and forte translating to “loud” in Italian. The name pianoforte perfectly captured the revolutionary aspect of this new instrument. Unlike its predecessors, the harpsichord and clavichord, the pianoforte could produce a wide range of volumes, from soft (piano) to loud (forte). Over time, the term was eventually shortened to just the word “piano,” forever changing the musical landscape. This shorter version became the widely accepted name for the instrument in English and many other languages.
Balcony
The word “balcony” comes from the Italian “balcone,” and it may sound distinctly Italian, but its story takes a more interesting turn. While the term we use today comes from Italian, “balcony” has a Germanic root. Linguists believe the word traces back to the Proto-Germanic word “balka,” which meant “beam” or “timber.” This makes sense, considering early balconies were likely simple wooden platforms jutting from buildings. The Germanic word entered the Latin vocabulary as “balcone.” In Italian, this evolved further into “balcone,” the direct source of our modern English word “balcony.” These decorative platforms became popular features of palaces and public buildings, offering occupants a space to observe street life, participate in festivities, and socialize. By the 16th century, “balcony” had entered the English language, likely borrowed from French, which had adopted the term from Italian.
The word perfectly captured the essence of these platforms, and it quickly became ingrained in English architectural vocabulary.
Volcano
The fiery mountains spewing molten rock are aptly named “volcanoes.” This word stems from the Italian “vulcano.” But the Italian word itself has roots in Roman mythology. Vulcanus, the Roman god of fire, metalworking, and forges, was a powerful figure. The association likely arose due to the resemblance of volcanic eruptions to the fiery forges of Vulcan. Volcanoes erupt with molten rock and spew ash, resembling the intense heat and flames associated with a blacksmith’s forge. People in ancient Rome may have observed this similarity and named these fiery mountains after their god of fire, Vulcanus. Over time, the name “Vulcano” evolved into the Italian “vulcano” and eventually found its way into English as “volcano.” So, while Italy serves as the bridge between the word and its current form, the origin story of “volcano” lies in the association between the awe-inspiring power of volcanoes and the Roman god of fire.
Grotto
The charm of cool, cavernous spaces has captivated people for centuries. The word “grotto” finds its origin in the Italian “grotta,” meaning a cave or a small cavern. This connection is quite clear, as both words share a similar sound and meaning. The Italian word “grotta” likely entered English through travel writing and artistic depictions during the Renaissance period. As Europeans, particularly the British, became more fascinated with Italy’s art, architecture, and landscapes, they adopted terms like “grotto” to describe the natural wonders they encountered. Interestingly, the meaning of “grotto” might have broadened slightly as it entered English. While “grotta” in Italian strictly refers to a natural cave, “grotto” in English can also encompass man-made structures built to resemble natural caves, like decorative grottoes in gardens or religious shrines.
Pasta
Pasta is a staple in numerous cultures. The word “pasta” in English comes directly from the Italian word “pasta” which simply means “dough” or “paste.” This reflects the basic nature of pasta as a food item made from a flour and water mixture. Some believe it comes from the Latin word “pasta” which also means “dough” or “paste.” This would make the English word a double loanword, borrowing from Latin through Italian. Another theory suggests a link to the Greek word “pastē” which refers to a type of porridge or paste. Trade and cultural exchange between Greece and Italy could have introduced the term. While the word itself might have originated earlier, pasta dishes as we know them likely emerged in Italy around the 12th century. The association between the word “pasta” and the specific food item became well-established in Italian cuisine.
Bravo!
A hearty “bravo!” is a common way to express appreciation for a performance. “Bravo” can be used to acknowledge a job well done in any context, adding a touch of Italian flair to our expressions of praise. This Italian exclamation translates to “good” or “well done,” and its usage extends beyond the stage. One theory suggests “bravo” evolved from the Latin word “bravus,” which meant “brave” or “worthy.” This aligns well with the current meaning of “bravo” as a term of praise. Another theory proposes an onomatopoeic origin. The loud, drawn-out pronunciation of “braa-vo” could have been used to express approval or excitement, eventually becoming a solidified term. Regardless of its exact Latin origin, “bravo” found its home in Italian. It likely transitioned from meaning “brave” to a more general term of praise over time.
Influenza
More commonly known as the “flu,” influenza is respiratory illness with Italian roots. The word directly comes from the Italian “influenza,” which translates to “a flowing in” or “influence.” The word “influenza” may seem like a direct reference to feeling “under the weather,” but its Italian origin tells a more fascinating story – a story rooted in a misconception about the cause of the illness. Fast forward to the 16th and 17th centuries. Europe was grappling with frequent outbreaks of what we now call the flu. Back then, the cause of diseases remained a mystery. People often attributed illness to the influence of celestial bodies like stars and planets. This belief stemmed from the concept of “humors,” a prevailing medical theory that linked illness to imbalances in bodily fluids supposedly influenced by heavenly bodies. Given the belief in astral influence, Italians began using “influenza” to describe these seasonal epidemics.
The term likely referred to the idea that some invisible force, perhaps emanating from the stars, was causing the widespread illness.
These seven words represent just a fraction of the Italian influence on the English language. From music and architecture to food and emotions, Italian has enriched English with terms that seamlessly blend into our everyday vocabulary.
The borrowing of words is a testament to the interconnectedness of cultures. As we continue to interact and share ideas, our languages will undoubtedly continue to evolve, borrowing and adapting from one another. So next time you enjoy a plate of pasta, stand on a balcony or shout “bravo” after a performance, remember the hidden Italian connection woven into the very fabric of your words.
